The document discusses DCT/IDCT concepts and applications. It provides an introduction to DCT and IDCT, explaining that they are used widely in video and audio compression. It describes the DCT and IDCT functions and how they work to transform signals between spatial and frequency domains. Examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT/IDCT equations are also given. Finally, common applications of DCT/IDCT compression techniques are listed, such as in DVD players, cable TV, graphics cards, and medical imaging systems.
This document discusses using a 2D dual-tree complex discrete wavelet transform (2D-DTDWT) for image denoising. It begins by explaining issues with the discrete wavelet transform and how the dual-tree complex wavelet transform addresses these. It then describes how the 2D-DTDWT works by applying 1D dual-tree transforms along rows and columns. For denoising, different threshold values are applied to the wavelet coefficients before reconstructing the image. The algorithm is tested on images corrupted with noise and performance is evaluated using metrics like PSNR for different thresholds.
DWT-DCT-SVD Based Semi Blind Image Watermarking Using Middle Frequency BandIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a semi-blind image watermarking technique using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD). The technique embeds a watermark in the middle frequency band of the DWT domain of a host image. It modifies the singular values of the DCT coefficients of the middle frequency band using singular values of the DCT transformed watermark. The watermark can then be extracted from the watermarked image using inverse processes. The technique was tested on various attacks and showed robustness, with correlation values between the extracted and original watermarks ranging from 0.5308 to 0.9665 and PSNR values indicating impercept
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Lifting Scheme Cores for Wavelet TransformDavid Bařina
The document presents research on improving the performance of wavelet transforms through lifting scheme cores. It introduces a lifting core as a processing unit that can continuously consume input and produce output while visiting each sample once in a cache-friendly manner. It discusses how lifting cores can handle borders, be configured for different processing orders, and allow reorganization of the underlying scheme for better parallelization and vectorization. The thesis aims to address shortcomings of prior methods through experimental evaluation of lifting cores on CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs for 2D and 3D transforms as well as JPEG 2000 compression.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses a digital video watermarking technique using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and perceptual analysis. It proposes embedding a binary watermark in the DCT domain of video frames. A mathematical model is developed to insert a visible watermark into video frames in the DCT domain while considering characteristics of the human visual system to minimize perceptual quality impact. Experimental results show a watermarked video frame with the watermark logo embedded at different positions. The technique aims to provide copyright protection for digital video applications.
Hybrid Approach for Robust Digital Video WatermarkingIJSRD
With the growing popularity of internet and digital media, digital watermarking techniques have been developed to protect the copyright of multimedia objects such as text, audio, video, etc. So, we have proposed a hybrid video watermarking technique which takes the advantages of different transforms like DWT, DCT, SVD and Arnold Transform, which enhances more security and provides robustness to the watermark. In this paper method, video is divided into several groups of frames, and one of the frames is selected where watermark will be embedded. Before embedding watermark in a selected frame it will be pre-processed with Arnold Transform which will provide security to it. The selected plane of video frame are decomposed using DWT and high frequency band HH, middle frequency bands LH, HL are transformed with DCT. The DCT coefficients are SVD transformed which are embedded with corresponding transformed coefficients of watermarks along with Arnold Transform. The embedded watermark is extracted with inverse process of embedding. The proposed algorithm is tested with various video sequences using MATLAB 2013a. The distortion quality of original image and watermark is controlled by the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Signal to Noise Ratio and Mean square error of the watermarked frame with original frame.
This document discusses wavelet transforms and fast wavelet transforms for image compression. It provides background on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and fast wavelet transforms. DWT is useful for image compression because it concentrates image energy into low-frequency coefficients. Compression is achieved by quantizing coefficients, prioritizing low-frequency ones. Popular image compression techniques like JPEG2000 use DWT. Fast wavelet transforms like Mallat's algorithm allow faster image analysis than DWT. The document reviews various image compression techniques and their performance in terms of compression ratio and image quality.
This document discusses using a 2D dual-tree complex discrete wavelet transform (2D-DTDWT) for image denoising. It begins by explaining issues with the discrete wavelet transform and how the dual-tree complex wavelet transform addresses these. It then describes how the 2D-DTDWT works by applying 1D dual-tree transforms along rows and columns. For denoising, different threshold values are applied to the wavelet coefficients before reconstructing the image. The algorithm is tested on images corrupted with noise and performance is evaluated using metrics like PSNR for different thresholds.
DWT-DCT-SVD Based Semi Blind Image Watermarking Using Middle Frequency BandIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a semi-blind image watermarking technique using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), and singular value decomposition (SVD). The technique embeds a watermark in the middle frequency band of the DWT domain of a host image. It modifies the singular values of the DCT coefficients of the middle frequency band using singular values of the DCT transformed watermark. The watermark can then be extracted from the watermarked image using inverse processes. The technique was tested on various attacks and showed robustness, with correlation values between the extracted and original watermarks ranging from 0.5308 to 0.9665 and PSNR values indicating impercept
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Lifting Scheme Cores for Wavelet TransformDavid Bařina
The document presents research on improving the performance of wavelet transforms through lifting scheme cores. It introduces a lifting core as a processing unit that can continuously consume input and produce output while visiting each sample once in a cache-friendly manner. It discusses how lifting cores can handle borders, be configured for different processing orders, and allow reorganization of the underlying scheme for better parallelization and vectorization. The thesis aims to address shortcomings of prior methods through experimental evaluation of lifting cores on CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs for 2D and 3D transforms as well as JPEG 2000 compression.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses a digital video watermarking technique using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and perceptual analysis. It proposes embedding a binary watermark in the DCT domain of video frames. A mathematical model is developed to insert a visible watermark into video frames in the DCT domain while considering characteristics of the human visual system to minimize perceptual quality impact. Experimental results show a watermarked video frame with the watermark logo embedded at different positions. The technique aims to provide copyright protection for digital video applications.
Hybrid Approach for Robust Digital Video WatermarkingIJSRD
With the growing popularity of internet and digital media, digital watermarking techniques have been developed to protect the copyright of multimedia objects such as text, audio, video, etc. So, we have proposed a hybrid video watermarking technique which takes the advantages of different transforms like DWT, DCT, SVD and Arnold Transform, which enhances more security and provides robustness to the watermark. In this paper method, video is divided into several groups of frames, and one of the frames is selected where watermark will be embedded. Before embedding watermark in a selected frame it will be pre-processed with Arnold Transform which will provide security to it. The selected plane of video frame are decomposed using DWT and high frequency band HH, middle frequency bands LH, HL are transformed with DCT. The DCT coefficients are SVD transformed which are embedded with corresponding transformed coefficients of watermarks along with Arnold Transform. The embedded watermark is extracted with inverse process of embedding. The proposed algorithm is tested with various video sequences using MATLAB 2013a. The distortion quality of original image and watermark is controlled by the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Signal to Noise Ratio and Mean square error of the watermarked frame with original frame.
This document discusses wavelet transforms and fast wavelet transforms for image compression. It provides background on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and fast wavelet transforms. DWT is useful for image compression because it concentrates image energy into low-frequency coefficients. Compression is achieved by quantizing coefficients, prioritizing low-frequency ones. Popular image compression techniques like JPEG2000 use DWT. Fast wavelet transforms like Mallat's algorithm allow faster image analysis than DWT. The document reviews various image compression techniques and their performance in terms of compression ratio and image quality.
Semantic Reasoning in Context-Aware Assistive Environments to Support Ageing ...IPALab
Robust solutions for ambient assisted living are numerous, yet predominantly specific in their scope of usability. In this paper, we de- scribe the potential contribution of semantic web technologies to building more versatile solutions — a step towards adaptable context-aware en- gines and simplified deployments. Our conception and deployment work in hindsight, we highlight some implementation challenges and require- ments for semantic web tools that would help to ease the development of context-aware services and thus generalize real-life deployment of se- mantically driven assistive technologies. We also compare available tools with regard to these requirements and validate our choices by providing some results from a real-life deployment.
The objective of this work is to propose an image
denoising technique and compare it with image denoising
using ridgelets. The proposed method uses slantlet transform
instead of wavelets in ridgelet transform. Experimental result
shows that the proposed method is more effective than ridgelets
in noise removal. The proposed method is effective in
compressing images while preserving edges.
Image Resolution Enhancement Using Undecimated Double Density Wavelet TransformCSCJournals
This document presents a new image resolution enhancement technique using Undecimated Double Density Wavelet Transform (UDDWT). It begins with background on existing resolution enhancement methods and issues with discrete wavelet transform. It then describes the development of UDDWT and the proposed method which uses forward and inverse UDDWT to construct a high resolution image from a low resolution input image. Results show the technique improves measures like PSNR, VIF and BIQI compared to other methods, enhancing image quality. The technique offers exact shift invariance and preserves high frequency content better than interpolation methods.
In Digital era sharing of images have become very
common and raises the risk of using it for unethical and
fraudulent purposes with the help of manipulation tools. Digital
image watermarking is one way to protect the digital information
(text, images, audio, and video) from fraudulent manipulations.
Digital Image Watermarking is a process of implanting data in
the original image for authentication. In this paper we are
providing one such watermarking scheme for color images. The
proposed method is designed to be robust for common attacks
with the aid of redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT)
and discrete cosine transform (DCT) properties. After applying
two levels RDWT decomposition to the blue channel of cover
image, we apply DCT to HH_LL subband i.e. 2nd level
decomposed coefficient of HH band and to the watermark.
Divided the HH_LL sub band into 4x4 subblocks and DCT
coefficients of the last subblock of the cover image are replaced
with the DCT coefficients of watermark. Inverse DCT and
inverse RDWT is performed to get watermarked image. The
performance of the proposed technique is measured using the
parameters PSNR and NCC.
Here is a data sheet on the Dukane 8421 DLP ( Digital Light Processor) projector from Dukane.
Bill McIntosh
School Vision Inc ( my consulting company)
Authorized Dukane Consultant
Phone :843-442-8888
Email :WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
Twitter : @OtisTMcIntosh
SchoolVision Website on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WKMIII
You can find information on all of Dukane products here
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/documents
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/videos.
Here is the main the main Dukane website
www.dukane.com/av
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for reducing noise in digital images using curvelet transformation with Log Gabor filtering. It begins by introducing common sources of noise in digital images and existing denoising methods. It then describes curvelet transformation and Log Gabor filtering in more detail. The proposed method decomposes a noisy image into wavelets, applies curvelet transformation with Log Gabor filtering to attenuate color frequencies, and then reconstructs the image. The document presents this methodology and compares the denoised image quality to other methods using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Experimental results showed that the proposed curvelet transformation with Log Gabor filtering produces higher PSNR values and less visual artifacts
This document discusses a technique for removing impulse noise from digital images using image fusion. It first filters a noisy input image using five different smoothing filters: median filter, vector median filter (VMF), basic vector directional filter (BVDF), switched median filter (SMF), and modified switched median filter (MSMF). The filtered images are then fused to obtain a single denoised output image with better quality than the individually filtered images. Edge detection is performed on the fused image using Canny filter to evaluate the noise cancellation performance from a human perception perspective. Experimental results show the proposed fusion technique produces better results compared to filtering with a single algorithm.
Land Cover Feature Extraction using Hybrid Swarm Intelligence Techniques - A ...IDES Editor
This document presents a hybrid algorithm using biogeography-based optimization (BBO) and ant colony optimization (ACO) for land cover feature extraction from remote sensing images. The algorithm first analyzes a training image to identify features that BBO and ACO classify efficiently. It then applies BBO to clusters containing these features and ACO to remaining clusters. An evaluation shows the hybrid algorithm achieves a higher kappa coefficient of 0.97 compared to 0.67 for BBO alone, indicating better classification accuracy. The authors conclude the algorithm effectively handles uncertainties in remote sensing images and future work could improve efficiency further.
A Comparative Study of Image Compression AlgorithmsIJORCS
The document compares three image compression algorithms: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and a hybrid DCT-DWT algorithm. DCT is used in JPEG and provides simple hardware implementation but can cause blocking artifacts at high compression. DWT provides multi-resolution decomposition and achieves higher compression ratios but requires more computation. The hybrid algorithm aims to combine the advantages of DCT and DWT by applying DWT followed by DCT, allowing for better performance than either individual method. Experimental results showed the hybrid approach generally had better performance in terms of PSNR, MSE, and compression ratio.
Comparative Analysis of Dwt, Reduced Wavelet Transform, Complex Wavelet Trans...ijsrd.com
Image denoising is the process to remove the noise from the image naturally corrupted by the noise. The wavelet method is one among various methods for recovering infinite dimensional objects like curves, densities, images, etc. The wavelet techniques are very effective to remove the noise because of their ability to capture the energy of a signal in few energy transform values. Though the wavelet transform have the best bases when it represents target functions which has dot singularity, it can hardly get the best bases when it present the singularity of line and hyper-plane. This makes the traditional two-dimensional wavelet transform in dealing with the image have some limitations. To overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of Wavelet transform the theory of Curvelet transform was promoted.
This document discusses distributed systems, focusing on scalability and high availability. It covers scaling systems vertically by adding resources to a single node, and horizontally by adding more nodes. It also discusses handling failures through redundancy, failover, and replicas. A key challenge discussed is the CAP theorem, which states that a distributed system can only guarantee two of three properties: consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.
This document presents a comparative analysis of digital image watermarking techniques in the frequency domain using MATLAB Simulink. It discusses watermarking using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). For DCT, the image is divided into blocks and DCT is applied before embedding the watermark in middle frequency coefficients. For extraction, the same process is reversed. For DWT, the image is decomposed into sub-bands before embedding the watermark into the low-high frequency sub-band. Extraction follows the reverse process. The document also proposes a technique using both DCT and DWT that embeds a watermark into DCT coefficients of DWT sub-bands for increased robust
This document proposes a new robust hybrid watermarking scheme that embeds data in all frequencies of an image using both the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). It first applies DCT to the cover image and maps the coefficients into four quadrants representing different frequency bands. SVD is then applied to each quadrant. The singular values in each quadrant are modified by the singular values of the DCT-transformed visual watermark. Embedding data in all frequencies makes the scheme robust against attacks that target specific frequencies.
This document compares the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) image compression techniques. It finds that DWT provides higher compression ratios and avoids blocking artifacts compared to DCT. DWT allows for better localization in both spatial and frequency domains. It also has inherent scaling and better identifies visually relevant data, leading to higher compression ratios. However, DCT is faster than DWT. Experimental results on test images show that DWT achieves higher PSNR and lower MSE and BER than DCT, while providing a slightly higher compression ratio and completing compression more quickly.
Image Compression Using Wavelet Packet TreeIDES Editor
Methods of compressing data prior to storage and
transmission are of significant practical and commercial
interest. The necessity in image compression continuously
grows during the last decade. The image compression includes
transform of image, quantization and encoding. One of the
most powerful and perspective approaches in this area is
image compression using discrete wavelet transform. This
paper describes a new approach called as wavelet packet tree
for image compression. It constructs the best tree on the basis
of Shannon entropy. This new approach checks the entropy of
decomposed nodes (child nodes) with entropy of node, which
has been decomposed (parent node) and takes the decision of
decomposition of a node. In addition, authors have proposed
an adaptive thresholding for quantization, which is based on
type of wavelet used and nature of image. Performance of the
proposed algorithm is compared with existing wavelet
transform algorithm in terms of percentage of zeros and
percentage of energy retained and signals to noise ratio.
SECURE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE FOR MEDICAL IMAGES WITH VISUAL EVALUATIONsipij
This paper presents a hybrid watermarking technique for medical images. The method uses a combination
of three transforms: Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and singular
value decomposition (SVD). Then, the paper discusses the results of applying the combined method on
different medical images from eight patients. The images were watermarked with a small watermark image
representing the patients' medical data. The visual quality of the watermarked images (before and after
attacks) was analyzed using five quality metrics: PSNR, WSNR, PSNR-HVS-M, PSNR-HVS, and MSSIM.
The first four metrics' average values of the watermarked medical images before attacks were
approximately 32 db, 35 db, 42 db, and 40 db respectively; while the MSSM index indicated a similarity
between the original and watermarked images of more than 97%. However, the metric values decreased
significantly after attacking the images with various operations even though the watermark image could be
retrieved after almost all attacks. In brief, the initial results indicate that watermarking medical images
with patients' data does not significantly affect their visual quality and they can still be used by medical
staff
The document discusses organic field effect transistors (OFETs) for use in rollable displays. It describes how OFETs deposited by room-temperature processes on plastic enable an extremely thin, flexible active matrix backplane. This allows for the construction of rollable displays that are much thinner and lighter than traditional glass-based displays. The document outlines the key technology choices for the substrate, matrix stack, patterning methods, and frontplane. It also provides examples of companies developing this technology, like Polymer Vision which has successfully introduced a rollable display solution using proven manufacturing processes.
The document summarizes two approaches to implementing foveated imaging in CMOS image sensors: (1) A pyramidal architecture with multiple rings of pixels having different integration times, allowing for dynamic range enhancement. (2) A universal multiresolution sensor using a 3T pixel design that allows pixels to be grouped and averaged, enabling adaptive resolution. Both designs aim to mimic the human retina and improve efficiency over traditional sensors. The pyramidal and multiresolution sensors were fabricated in 0.18um CMOS technology and are being tested for applications like video conferencing and industrial inspection.
This document provides an overview of service information (SI) in digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, including sections like the network information section (NIT), service description section (SDT), bouquet association section (BAT), program association section (PAT), conditional access section (CAT), transport stream description section (TSDT), event information section (EIT), and running status section (RST). It includes syntax diagrams and details for each section, such as table IDs, section lengths, descriptors, and other fields. It also provides the PID and refresh interval requirements for each table type.
H.120 was the first digital video coding standard developed in 1984. H.261 in the late 1980s was the first widespread success and established the modern structure for video compression that is still used today. MPEG-1 and MPEG-2/H.262 built upon H.261 with improvements like bidirectional prediction and half-pixel motion compensation. H.263 further enhanced compression performance and is now dominant for videoconferencing, adding features such as overlapped block motion compensation.
RSA is a widely used public-key cryptosystem. It works by generating a public and private key pair. The public key is used for encryption and digital signatures while the private key is used for decryption and signature verification. Key generation involves finding two prime numbers p and q, computing the modulus n as their product, and using these values to calculate the public and private exponents e and d respectively.
Semantic Reasoning in Context-Aware Assistive Environments to Support Ageing ...IPALab
Robust solutions for ambient assisted living are numerous, yet predominantly specific in their scope of usability. In this paper, we de- scribe the potential contribution of semantic web technologies to building more versatile solutions — a step towards adaptable context-aware en- gines and simplified deployments. Our conception and deployment work in hindsight, we highlight some implementation challenges and require- ments for semantic web tools that would help to ease the development of context-aware services and thus generalize real-life deployment of se- mantically driven assistive technologies. We also compare available tools with regard to these requirements and validate our choices by providing some results from a real-life deployment.
The objective of this work is to propose an image
denoising technique and compare it with image denoising
using ridgelets. The proposed method uses slantlet transform
instead of wavelets in ridgelet transform. Experimental result
shows that the proposed method is more effective than ridgelets
in noise removal. The proposed method is effective in
compressing images while preserving edges.
Image Resolution Enhancement Using Undecimated Double Density Wavelet TransformCSCJournals
This document presents a new image resolution enhancement technique using Undecimated Double Density Wavelet Transform (UDDWT). It begins with background on existing resolution enhancement methods and issues with discrete wavelet transform. It then describes the development of UDDWT and the proposed method which uses forward and inverse UDDWT to construct a high resolution image from a low resolution input image. Results show the technique improves measures like PSNR, VIF and BIQI compared to other methods, enhancing image quality. The technique offers exact shift invariance and preserves high frequency content better than interpolation methods.
In Digital era sharing of images have become very
common and raises the risk of using it for unethical and
fraudulent purposes with the help of manipulation tools. Digital
image watermarking is one way to protect the digital information
(text, images, audio, and video) from fraudulent manipulations.
Digital Image Watermarking is a process of implanting data in
the original image for authentication. In this paper we are
providing one such watermarking scheme for color images. The
proposed method is designed to be robust for common attacks
with the aid of redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT)
and discrete cosine transform (DCT) properties. After applying
two levels RDWT decomposition to the blue channel of cover
image, we apply DCT to HH_LL subband i.e. 2nd level
decomposed coefficient of HH band and to the watermark.
Divided the HH_LL sub band into 4x4 subblocks and DCT
coefficients of the last subblock of the cover image are replaced
with the DCT coefficients of watermark. Inverse DCT and
inverse RDWT is performed to get watermarked image. The
performance of the proposed technique is measured using the
parameters PSNR and NCC.
Here is a data sheet on the Dukane 8421 DLP ( Digital Light Processor) projector from Dukane.
Bill McIntosh
School Vision Inc ( my consulting company)
Authorized Dukane Consultant
Phone :843-442-8888
Email :WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
Twitter : @OtisTMcIntosh
SchoolVision Website on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WKMIII
You can find information on all of Dukane products here
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/documents
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/videos.
Here is the main the main Dukane website
www.dukane.com/av
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for reducing noise in digital images using curvelet transformation with Log Gabor filtering. It begins by introducing common sources of noise in digital images and existing denoising methods. It then describes curvelet transformation and Log Gabor filtering in more detail. The proposed method decomposes a noisy image into wavelets, applies curvelet transformation with Log Gabor filtering to attenuate color frequencies, and then reconstructs the image. The document presents this methodology and compares the denoised image quality to other methods using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Experimental results showed that the proposed curvelet transformation with Log Gabor filtering produces higher PSNR values and less visual artifacts
This document discusses a technique for removing impulse noise from digital images using image fusion. It first filters a noisy input image using five different smoothing filters: median filter, vector median filter (VMF), basic vector directional filter (BVDF), switched median filter (SMF), and modified switched median filter (MSMF). The filtered images are then fused to obtain a single denoised output image with better quality than the individually filtered images. Edge detection is performed on the fused image using Canny filter to evaluate the noise cancellation performance from a human perception perspective. Experimental results show the proposed fusion technique produces better results compared to filtering with a single algorithm.
Land Cover Feature Extraction using Hybrid Swarm Intelligence Techniques - A ...IDES Editor
This document presents a hybrid algorithm using biogeography-based optimization (BBO) and ant colony optimization (ACO) for land cover feature extraction from remote sensing images. The algorithm first analyzes a training image to identify features that BBO and ACO classify efficiently. It then applies BBO to clusters containing these features and ACO to remaining clusters. An evaluation shows the hybrid algorithm achieves a higher kappa coefficient of 0.97 compared to 0.67 for BBO alone, indicating better classification accuracy. The authors conclude the algorithm effectively handles uncertainties in remote sensing images and future work could improve efficiency further.
A Comparative Study of Image Compression AlgorithmsIJORCS
The document compares three image compression algorithms: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and a hybrid DCT-DWT algorithm. DCT is used in JPEG and provides simple hardware implementation but can cause blocking artifacts at high compression. DWT provides multi-resolution decomposition and achieves higher compression ratios but requires more computation. The hybrid algorithm aims to combine the advantages of DCT and DWT by applying DWT followed by DCT, allowing for better performance than either individual method. Experimental results showed the hybrid approach generally had better performance in terms of PSNR, MSE, and compression ratio.
Comparative Analysis of Dwt, Reduced Wavelet Transform, Complex Wavelet Trans...ijsrd.com
Image denoising is the process to remove the noise from the image naturally corrupted by the noise. The wavelet method is one among various methods for recovering infinite dimensional objects like curves, densities, images, etc. The wavelet techniques are very effective to remove the noise because of their ability to capture the energy of a signal in few energy transform values. Though the wavelet transform have the best bases when it represents target functions which has dot singularity, it can hardly get the best bases when it present the singularity of line and hyper-plane. This makes the traditional two-dimensional wavelet transform in dealing with the image have some limitations. To overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of Wavelet transform the theory of Curvelet transform was promoted.
This document discusses distributed systems, focusing on scalability and high availability. It covers scaling systems vertically by adding resources to a single node, and horizontally by adding more nodes. It also discusses handling failures through redundancy, failover, and replicas. A key challenge discussed is the CAP theorem, which states that a distributed system can only guarantee two of three properties: consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.
This document presents a comparative analysis of digital image watermarking techniques in the frequency domain using MATLAB Simulink. It discusses watermarking using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). For DCT, the image is divided into blocks and DCT is applied before embedding the watermark in middle frequency coefficients. For extraction, the same process is reversed. For DWT, the image is decomposed into sub-bands before embedding the watermark into the low-high frequency sub-band. Extraction follows the reverse process. The document also proposes a technique using both DCT and DWT that embeds a watermark into DCT coefficients of DWT sub-bands for increased robust
This document proposes a new robust hybrid watermarking scheme that embeds data in all frequencies of an image using both the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). It first applies DCT to the cover image and maps the coefficients into four quadrants representing different frequency bands. SVD is then applied to each quadrant. The singular values in each quadrant are modified by the singular values of the DCT-transformed visual watermark. Embedding data in all frequencies makes the scheme robust against attacks that target specific frequencies.
This document compares the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) image compression techniques. It finds that DWT provides higher compression ratios and avoids blocking artifacts compared to DCT. DWT allows for better localization in both spatial and frequency domains. It also has inherent scaling and better identifies visually relevant data, leading to higher compression ratios. However, DCT is faster than DWT. Experimental results on test images show that DWT achieves higher PSNR and lower MSE and BER than DCT, while providing a slightly higher compression ratio and completing compression more quickly.
Image Compression Using Wavelet Packet TreeIDES Editor
Methods of compressing data prior to storage and
transmission are of significant practical and commercial
interest. The necessity in image compression continuously
grows during the last decade. The image compression includes
transform of image, quantization and encoding. One of the
most powerful and perspective approaches in this area is
image compression using discrete wavelet transform. This
paper describes a new approach called as wavelet packet tree
for image compression. It constructs the best tree on the basis
of Shannon entropy. This new approach checks the entropy of
decomposed nodes (child nodes) with entropy of node, which
has been decomposed (parent node) and takes the decision of
decomposition of a node. In addition, authors have proposed
an adaptive thresholding for quantization, which is based on
type of wavelet used and nature of image. Performance of the
proposed algorithm is compared with existing wavelet
transform algorithm in terms of percentage of zeros and
percentage of energy retained and signals to noise ratio.
SECURE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE FOR MEDICAL IMAGES WITH VISUAL EVALUATIONsipij
This paper presents a hybrid watermarking technique for medical images. The method uses a combination
of three transforms: Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and singular
value decomposition (SVD). Then, the paper discusses the results of applying the combined method on
different medical images from eight patients. The images were watermarked with a small watermark image
representing the patients' medical data. The visual quality of the watermarked images (before and after
attacks) was analyzed using five quality metrics: PSNR, WSNR, PSNR-HVS-M, PSNR-HVS, and MSSIM.
The first four metrics' average values of the watermarked medical images before attacks were
approximately 32 db, 35 db, 42 db, and 40 db respectively; while the MSSM index indicated a similarity
between the original and watermarked images of more than 97%. However, the metric values decreased
significantly after attacking the images with various operations even though the watermark image could be
retrieved after almost all attacks. In brief, the initial results indicate that watermarking medical images
with patients' data does not significantly affect their visual quality and they can still be used by medical
staff
The document discusses organic field effect transistors (OFETs) for use in rollable displays. It describes how OFETs deposited by room-temperature processes on plastic enable an extremely thin, flexible active matrix backplane. This allows for the construction of rollable displays that are much thinner and lighter than traditional glass-based displays. The document outlines the key technology choices for the substrate, matrix stack, patterning methods, and frontplane. It also provides examples of companies developing this technology, like Polymer Vision which has successfully introduced a rollable display solution using proven manufacturing processes.
The document summarizes two approaches to implementing foveated imaging in CMOS image sensors: (1) A pyramidal architecture with multiple rings of pixels having different integration times, allowing for dynamic range enhancement. (2) A universal multiresolution sensor using a 3T pixel design that allows pixels to be grouped and averaged, enabling adaptive resolution. Both designs aim to mimic the human retina and improve efficiency over traditional sensors. The pyramidal and multiresolution sensors were fabricated in 0.18um CMOS technology and are being tested for applications like video conferencing and industrial inspection.
This document provides an overview of service information (SI) in digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, including sections like the network information section (NIT), service description section (SDT), bouquet association section (BAT), program association section (PAT), conditional access section (CAT), transport stream description section (TSDT), event information section (EIT), and running status section (RST). It includes syntax diagrams and details for each section, such as table IDs, section lengths, descriptors, and other fields. It also provides the PID and refresh interval requirements for each table type.
H.120 was the first digital video coding standard developed in 1984. H.261 in the late 1980s was the first widespread success and established the modern structure for video compression that is still used today. MPEG-1 and MPEG-2/H.262 built upon H.261 with improvements like bidirectional prediction and half-pixel motion compensation. H.263 further enhanced compression performance and is now dominant for videoconferencing, adding features such as overlapped block motion compensation.
RSA is a widely used public-key cryptosystem. It works by generating a public and private key pair. The public key is used for encryption and digital signatures while the private key is used for decryption and signature verification. Key generation involves finding two prime numbers p and q, computing the modulus n as their product, and using these values to calculate the public and private exponents e and d respectively.
The document provides an overview of MPEG-4, a standard that offers both advanced audio and video codecs as well as tools for combining multimedia such as audio, video, graphics and interactivity. It was developed through an open international process to select the best technologies. MPEG-4 codecs like AVC and AAC provide high compression efficiency, having been adopted for HDTV, mobile video, and digital music. Its rich media tools allow interactive experiences combining different media types.
This document contains information and forms related to the UGC National Eligibility Test for Junior Research Fellowship and Eligibility for Lectureship that will take place on June 28, 2009. It includes an application form to apply for the exam, instructions on filling out the form, an attendance slip for the exam day, and an admission card with exam details. The forms request information such as educational qualifications, exam subject and center, and contact details.
This lab report describes developing a program to perform string operations using suffix arrays. It includes 3 modules: 1) Finding the longest repeated substring, 2) Finding the longest common substring, and 3) Finding the longest palindrome in a string. The report provides code for building a suffix tree from a string and performing traversal to solve each problem. It also includes sample outputs and references.
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms in C programming. It discusses linear and non-linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, graphs, and binary search trees. It describes their characteristics and common operations. Specifically, it provides details on stacks and queues, including implementations and applications. Algorithms for common stack operations like push and pop are given. The document also introduces object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Finally, it discusses abstract data types and provides an example stack abstract data type with algorithms for push, pop and display operations.
The STi7167 is an integrated system-on-chip that combines a configurable DVB-T or DVB-C demodulator with STB decoding and display functions. It provides advanced HD and SD video decoding, audio decoding, graphics processing, and connectivity options. The chip is targeted at low-cost HD and SD set-top boxes for cable, terrestrial, and hybrid IP/broadcast networks.
Mobile data traffic is growing year to year. Mobile operators are facing a different situation from voice legacy business. The growth of data traffic is not as high as one of revenue. They need to lower cost of Mbps to survive otherwise they will collapse.
30 top my sql interview questions and answersskills9tanish
This document lists 30 common MySQL interview questions and their answers. It covers topics such as data definition language (DDL), data manipulation language (DML), data control language (DCL), primary keys, foreign keys, indexes, joins, unions, data types, transactions, commits, rollbacks, escaping special characters, concatenating strings, entering boolean and numeric values, using IN and LIKE conditions, incrementing and calculating dates, adding, deleting, and renaming columns and tables, and creating and listing table indexes.
IoT 개발자를 위한 Embedded C에서 Test Coverage를 추출해보자Taeyeop Kim
gcov is a tool that reports code coverage statistics when used with GCC. It shows which lines and sections of code were executed and which were not. lcov is a graphical front-end for gcov that produces HTML reports of code coverage. CppUTest is a C/C++ unit testing framework that can be configured to work with gcov to produce code coverage reports when tests are run.
The document discusses C preprocessors and user-defined data types in C like structures and unions. It explains that the preprocessor is a program that processes code before compilation. Key preprocessor directives include #include, #define, #ifdef, and #line. Structures allow grouping of different data types while unions allocate space for the largest member. Typedefs create aliases for existing types. Enumerations define sets of named integer constants.
This document contains an agenda for a presentation on embedded systems. It includes an introduction to embedded systems, why embedded C is used, sample interview questions, and a Q&A section. Some key interview questions cover real-time systems, software testing, pointers, macros, variable scopes, and debugging with tracing. Example code is provided to demonstrate pointers, a macro to set the most significant bit, and a function to find the maximum of two values.
The document discusses various topics related to embedded C programming including differences between operating systems and embedded systems, advantages of using C for embedded programming, differences between conventional C and embedded C, and tools used for embedded C development. Key points include: Embedded systems are closely tied to hardware and have limited memory and registers compared to operating systems. C is commonly used for embedded programming due to its familiarity, reliability, and portability. Embedded C requires a cross compiler to generate object code for the target microcontroller.
This third part of Linux internals talks about Thread programming and using various synchronization mechanisms like mutex and semaphores. These constructs helps users to write efficient programs in Linux environment
The document discusses process management in Linux, including scheduling, context switching, and real-time systems. It defines process scheduling as determining which ready process moves to the running state, with the goal of keeping the CPU busy and minimizing response times. Context switching is described as storing the state of a process when it stops running so the CPU can restore another process's state when it starts running. CPU scheduling decisions occur when a process changes state, such as from running to waiting. Real-time systems must meet strict deadlines, and the document discusses soft and hard real-time systems as well as differences between general purpose, real-time, and embedded operating systems.
Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a widely used tool in image and video compression applications. Recently, the high-throughput DCT designs have been adopted to fit the requirements of real-time application.
Operating the shifting and addition in parallel, an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT) is proposed to deal with the truncation errors and to achieve low-error and high-throughput discrete cosine transform (DCT) design. Instead of the 12 bits used in previous works, 9-bit distributed arithmetic. DA-based DCT core with an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT). The proposed ECAT operates shifting and addition in parallel by unrolling all the words required to be computed. Furthermore, the error-compensated circuit alleviates the truncation error for high accuracy design. Based on low-error ECAT, the DA-precision in this work is chosen to be 9 bits instead of the traditional 12 bits. Therefore, the hardware cost is reduced, and the speed is improved using the proposed ECAT.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses efficient VLSI implementations of image encryption using minimal operations. It proposes using discrete cosine transform (DCT) for image compression and encryption simultaneously. For encryption, a linear feedback shift register generates random numbers added to some DCT outputs. The DCT algorithm and arithmetic operators are optimized to reduce operations and increase throughput. Simulation results show encryption in the frequency domain at 656 million samples per second on an 82 MHz clock.
2008 brokerage 04 smart vision system [compatibility mode]imec.archive
Smart vision systems embed intelligence through advanced image processing to enhance visual experiences, improve interactions, and facilitate decisions for complex events. They require increasingly complex algorithms to perform tasks like 3D reconstruction, gesture recognition, and event detection. These algorithms must be matched to diverse platform architectures with different performance and power constraints. Successful system design requires matching applications, algorithms, and architectures, drawing on competencies in all three areas. The International B-ICT Based Basic Research Centre (IBBT) brings these competencies together to enable new smart vision applications.
2008 brokerage 04 smart vision system [compatibility mode]imec.archive
Smart vision systems embed intelligence through advanced image processing to enhance visual experiences, improve interactions, and facilitate decisions. They require increasingly complex algorithms to perform tasks like 3D reconstruction, gesture recognition, and event detection. These algorithms must be matched to diverse platform architectures with different performance and power constraints. Successful system design requires matching applications, algorithms, and architectures. The document discusses examples including 3D video interpolation, eye-gaze corrected video chatting, and a 3D camera prototype for elderly monitoring. It concludes that IBBT brings together competences in applications, algorithms, and architectures to enable new smart vision systems.
This document proposes a method for preserving privacy in video surveillance by scrambling regions of interest (ROIs) in video sequences. It discusses scrambling quantized DCT or DWT coefficients in compressed video to conceal information in ROIs while maintaining understanding of the overall scene. The scrambling is flexible and reversible with a private key, has low computational complexity, and introduces minimal impact on video coding performance. Previous approaches are also summarized.
This document discusses Toshiba's 65nm (TC320) family of ultra-high density and ultra-low power system-on-chip (SoC) and system-in-package (SiP) solutions. The 65nm process technology offers unprecedented integration levels and power savings. It allows easy mixing of analog and digital cores on a single chip. The TC320 family is well-suited for applications such as mobile phones and portable media players that require high integration and low power consumption.
Ibtc dwt hybrid coding of digital imagesZakaria Zubi
This document proposes a hybrid IBTC-DWT encoding scheme that combines the simple computation and edge preservation of interpolative block truncation coding (IBTC) with the high compression ratio of discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm achieved better performance than IBTC-DCT in terms of compression ratio, bit rate, and reconstruction quality at low bit rates. The hybrid approach reduces computational complexity by applying DWT to the smaller sub-images produced by IBTC.
it is used for security purpose using two level dct and wavelet packet denoising .based on digital image processing.the software based on matlab.it is used for high security purpose.
This document summarizes key techniques used in video compression codecs. It discusses still image compression techniques like block transforms, quantization, and variable length coding that video codecs build upon. It then covers motion estimation and compensation, which take advantage of similarities between frames to greatly improve compression ratio. The document outlines processing requirements for techniques like block transforms, motion estimation, and motion compensation, noting they require substantial compute resources and memory bandwidth.
3D Televisions: Forecasting their emergenceJeffrey Funk
My Master's students used ideas from my (Jeff Funk) forthcoming book (Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries) to analyze when 3D LCD TVs might emerge. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries.
This document discusses digital video codecs and compression. It begins by defining pixel resolutions for standard definition, high definition, and digital cinema. It then covers CMOS image sensors used for HD, 2K and 4K capture and explains intra-frame and inter-frame compression. The document provides an example of the Apple ProRes 422 codec and analyzes its key attributes. It also discusses interlaced vs progressive scanning, picture impairments from compression, digital cinema standards, and predicts that advances in compression will continue to be needed to handle higher resolutions and frame rates.
This document discusses digital video codecs and compression. It begins by defining pixel resolutions for standard definition, high definition, and digital cinema. It then covers CMOS image sensors used for HD, 2K and 4K capture and explains intra-frame and inter-frame compression. The document provides an example of the Apple ProRes 422 codec and analyzes its key attributes. It also discusses interlaced vs progressive scanning, picture impairments from compression, digital cinema standards, and predicts that requirements on compression will reduce over time due to technological advances.
Wavelet analysis involves representing a signal as a sum of wavelet functions of varying location and scale. Wavelet transforms allow for efficient video compression by removing spatial and temporal redundancies. Without compression, transmitting uncompressed video would require huge storage and bandwidth. Using wavelet compression, a day of video could be stored using the same space as an uncompressed minute. The discrete wavelet transform decomposes a signal into different frequency subbands, making it suitable for scalable and tolerant video compression standards like JPEG2000. Wavelet compression provides better quality at low bit rates compared to DCT techniques like JPEG.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2021/08/high-fidelity-conversion-of-floating-point-networks-for-low-precision-inference-using-distillation-with-limited-data-a-presentation-from-imagination-technologies/
James Imber, Senior Research Engineer at Imagination Technologies, presents the “High-fidelity Conversion of Floating-point Networks for Low-precision Inference using Distillation with Limited Data” tutorial at the May 2021 Embedded Vision Summit.
When converting floating-point networks to low-precision equivalents for high-performance inference, the primary objective is to maximally compress the network whilst maintaining fidelity to the original, floating-point network. This is made particularly challenging when only a reduced or unlabelled dataset is available. Data may be limited for reasons of a commercial or legal nature: for example, companies may be unwilling to share valuable data and labels that represent a substantial investment of resources; or the collector of the original dataset may not be permitted to share it for data privacy reasons.
Imber presents a method based on distillation that allows high-fidelity, low-precision networks to be produced for a wide range of different network types, using the original trained network in place of a labeled dataset. The proposed approach is directly applicable across multiple domains (e.g. classification, segmentation and style transfer) and can be adapted to numerous network compression techniques.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2020/12/trends-in-neural-network-topologies-for-vision-at-the-edge-a-presentation-from-synopsys/
For more information about edge AI and computer vision, please visit:
https://www.edge-ai-vision.com
Pierre Paulin, Director of R&D for Embedded Vision at Synopsys, presents the “Trends in Neural Network Topologies for Vision at the Edge” tutorial at the September 2020 Embedded Vision Summit.
The widespread adoption of deep neural networks (DNNs) in embedded vision applications has increased the importance of creating DNN topologies that maximize accuracy while minimizing computation and memory requirements. This has led to accelerated innovation in DNN topologies.
In this talk, Paulin summarizes the key trends in neural network topologies for embedded vision applications, highlighting techniques employed by widely used networks such as EfficientNet and MobileNet to boost both accuracy and efficiency. He also touches on other optimization methods—such as pruning, compression and layer fusion—that developers can use to further reduce the memory and computation demands of modern DNNs.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2023/06/enabling-ultra-low-power-edge-inference-and-on-device-learning-with-akida-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Nandan Nayampally, Chief Marketing Officer at BrainChip, presents the “Enabling Ultra-low Power Edge Inference and On-device Learning with Akida” tutorial at the May 2023 Embedded Vision Summit.
The AIoT industry is expected to reach $1T by 2030—but that will happen only if edge devices rapidly become more intelligent. In this presentation, Nayampally shows how BrainChip’s Akida IP solution enables improved edge ML accuracy and on-device learning with extreme energy efficiency. Akida is a fully digital, neuromorphic, event-based AI engine that offers unique on-device learning abilities, minimizing the need for cloud retraining.
Nayampally demonstrates Akida’s compelling performance and extreme energy efficiency on complex models and explains how Akida executes spatial-temporal convolutions using innovative handling of 3D and 1D data. He also shows how Akida supports low-power implementations of vision transformers and introduces the Akida developer ecosystem, which enables both AI experts and newcomers to quickly deploy disruptive edge AI applications that weren’t possible before.
IRJET- A Hybrid Image and Video Compression of DCT and DWT Techniques for H.2...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid image and video compression technique using both discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for H.265/HEVC video compression. The proposed hybrid DWT-DCT method exploits the advantages of both techniques for improved compression performance compared to using them individually. It involves applying DWT-DCT transformations to video frames, entropy coding the compressed frames with Huffman coding, and transmitting the bitstreams to the decoder. The technique is evaluated based on compression ratio, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and mean square error.
Performance boosting of discrete cosine transform using parallel programming ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a paper that proposes using parallel programming techniques to improve the performance of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm. It describes implementing both thread-level parallelism by distributing image blocks across multiple processor cores, and vector-level parallelism by performing SIMD operations within each core using AVX instructions. The proposed methodology uses Cilk Plus to enable parallelization at both the thread and vector levels. It is estimated that this multi-level parallel approach could theoretically provide a speedup of up to 32 times compared to a serial scalar implementation.
This document provides an overview of Codan's 6700/6900 series block up converter (BUC) systems and components. It describes the BUC, low-noise block converter (LNB), and redundancy systems. It also covers installation, operation, and troubleshooting of the systems. The document contains information on frequency bands, conversion plans, interfaces, cable connections, monitor/control, commands, maintenance procedures, and compliance standards.
This document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and related standards. It covers:
1) The DVB standards for digital TV broadcasting via different transmission media, including DVB-T for terrestrial, DVB-S for satellite, and DVB-C for cable. These share source coding/compression and service multiplexing standards.
2) STBs will be needed until integrated digital TVs are cheaper. Affordable STBs are key for digital TV adoption. Common standards help lower STB costs through economies of scale.
3) "Open architecture" and "interoperability" mean the STB functionality is defined by public standards and can receive services across networks, respectively. The
This document discusses image compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT). It develops simple Mathematica functions to compute the 1D and 2D DCT. The 1D DCT transforms a list of real numbers into elementary frequency components. It is computed via matrix multiplication or using the discrete Fourier transform with twiddle factors. The 2D DCT applies the 1D DCT to rows and then columns of an image, making it separable. These functions illustrate how Mathematica can be used to prototype image processing algorithms.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for a 30% increase in transmission capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for each user. It is designed for broadcast, interactive, and professional applications with flexibility to handle different transponder characteristics and content formats.
The STi7167 is an integrated system-on-chip that combines a configurable DVB-T or DVB-C demodulator with STB decoding and display functions. It provides advanced HD and SD video decoding, audio decoding, graphics processing, and connectivity options. The chip's integrated features allow for low cost and small size STB designs for cable or terrestrial networks.
1) The document describes a modification to the Huffman coding used in JPEG image compression. It proposes pairing each non-zero DCT coefficient with the run-length of subsequent (rather than preceding) zero coefficients.
2) This allows using separate optimized Huffman code tables for each DCT coefficient position, improving compression by 10-15% over standard JPEG coding.
3) The decoding procedure is not changed and no end-of-block marker is needed, providing advantages with no increase in complexity.
Dani Pedrosa won the MotoGP race at Laguna Seca, finishing just 0.344 seconds ahead of Valentino Rossi in second and 1.926 seconds ahead of Jorge Lorenzo in third. Casey Stoner finished fourth, over 12 seconds behind Pedrosa. There were several crashes during the race, with Andrea Dovizioso, Sete Gibernau, and Gabor Talmacsi all falling out of contention. James Toseland received a ride through penalty for a jump start.
The document provides implementation guidelines for using the DVB Simulcrypt standard, including describing the architecture and protocols, clarifying differences between protocol versions, explaining state diagrams and behaviors, and providing recommendations for error handling, redundancy management, and custom signaling profiles to facilitate reliable and efficient Simulcrypt headend implementation.
1) The document discusses quantization and pulse code modulation (PCM) in voice signal encoding. PCM assigns 256 possible values to digitally represent analog voice samples, divided into chords and steps on a linear scale.
2) A logarithmic quantization scale is better than a linear one for voice signals, as it allocates more quantization steps to lower amplitudes prevalent in speech. This "compressed encoding" improves fidelity.
3) Quantization error occurs when samples with different amplitudes are assigned the same digital value, distorting the reconstructed waveform. Compression helps maintain a higher signal-to-noise ratio especially for low amplitudes.
This document provides implementation guidelines for the DVB Simulcrypt standard. It describes the architecture and protocols involved in simulcrypt systems, including the ECMG protocol between the security client system and conditional access modules, and the EMMG/PDG protocol between conditional access modules and multiplex equipment. The document outlines differences between version 1 and 2 of the standards, and provides recommendations for compliance. It also includes detailed state diagrams and descriptions of the protocols involved.
The Event Logger monitors and logs Digital Program Insertion (DPI) messages to verify correct transmission of signals via satellite. It watches for configured GPI state changes that indicate an expected DPI message. If the message is received on time, it is logged as a matched event. If not received on time, it is flagged as missed. The Event Logger also decodes DPI messages to help diagnose issues, and is compatible with various encoding systems. It has 6 ASI inputs, 108 GPI sensors, and logs data in real-time and for archiving.
This document discusses the basics of BISS scrambling. It describes BISS mode 1, which uses a session word, and BISS mode E, which encrypts the session word using an identifier and encryption algorithm. BISS mode E provides an additional layer of protection for transmitting the session word. The document also covers calculating the encrypted session word, using buried and injected identifiers, and how to operate scramblers in the different BISS modes.
Euler's theorem states that for any plane graph, the number of vertices (v) minus the number of edges (e) plus the number of faces (f) equals 2. The document proves this theorem by considering a minimal tree (T) within the graph and its dual tree (D), showing that the number of edges of T and D sum to the total edges (e) of the original graph. Some applications of the theorem are that any plane graph contains an edge of degree 5 or higher and any finite set of points not all on a line contains a line with exactly two points.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications fundamentals. It discusses how satellites provide capabilities not available through landlines, such as mobility and quick implementation. However, satellites are not always the most cost effective solution due to limited frequency spectrum and spatial capacity. The document describes different types of satellite services and configurations, including geostationary and non-geostationary satellites. It also covers topics like frequency reuse, earth station antennas, and satellite link delays.
The document discusses quantization in analog-to-digital conversion. It describes the three processes of A/D conversion as sampling, quantization, and binary encoding. Quantization involves mapping amplitude values into a set of discrete values using a quantization interval or step size. The document discusses uniform quantization and how the quantization levels are determined. It also covers non-uniform quantization and provides examples and MATLAB code demonstrations of audio signal quantization.
1) Reed-Solomon codes are a type of error-correcting code invented in 1960 that can detect and correct multiple symbol errors. They work by encoding data into redundant symbols that can be used to detect and locate errors.
2) Reed-Solomon codes are particularly good at correcting burst errors, where a block of symbols are corrupted together by noise. Even if an entire block of bits is corrupted, the code can still correct the errors by replacing the corrupted symbol.
3) The error correction capability of Reed-Solomon codes increases with larger block sizes, as noise is averaged over more symbols. However, implementing Reed-Solomon codes also becomes more complex with higher redundancy.
This document describes the head-end architecture and synchronization for digital video broadcasting using SimulCrypt. It outlines the system components including an event information scheduler, SimulCrypt synchronizer, entitlement control message generator, entitlement management message generator, and multiplexer. It also describes the interfaces between these components, covering processes like channel and stream establishment and closure, as well as bandwidth allocation and status reporting.
This document provides the European standard for the frame structure, channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital transmission system for cable systems (DVB-C2). It defines the system architecture and specifications for input processing, bit-interleaved coding and modulation, data slice packet generation, layer 1 part 2 signalling, frame building, and OFDM generation. The standard aims to provide improved performance for cable systems over the existing DVB-C standard.
This document discusses Euler's formula, which relates the number of vertices (V), edges (E), and faces (P) of a polyhedron. Through experimenting with attaching polygons and bending shapes, students derive the formula V - E + P = 2 for polyhedra. Removing a face shows the formula still holds, revealing why it is true for any polyhedron. Students learn the formula can distinguish polyhedra from other 3D shapes by calculating the Euler characteristic V - E + P.
The RSA cryptosystem document discusses:
1) The RSA cryptosystem uses a public and private key to encrypt and decrypt messages based on large prime number factorization.
2) An example is provided where a message is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key.
3) The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, as factorization algorithms take exponential time relative to the number of bits.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
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Discrete cosine transform
1. ®
The DCT/IDCT Solution
Customer Tutorial
February 2000
File Number Here
2. Agenda
Introduction
DCT/IDCT Concepts
DCT/IDCT Applications
Spartan-II DCT/IDCT IP Solutions
Summary
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3. Introduction
Spartan-II FPGAs
— 100,000 System Gates at under $10
— Extensive features: Block RAM, DLL, Select I/O
— Vast IP Portfolio
— Provide Density, Features, Performance at ASIC prices
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4. DCT/IDCT Compression
Compression allows increased throughput through
transmission medium
— Video and audio compression makes multimedia systems very
efficient
– Increases CPU bandwidth
– Higher video frame rates
– Better audio quality
– Enables multimedia interactivity
DCT and IDCT are widely used in video and audio
compression
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6. DCT/IDCT Concept
What is DCT?
— X= DCT(video/audio input)
– Returns the discrete cosine transform of ‘video/audio input’
– Can be referred to as the even part of the Fourier series
– Converts an image or audio block into it’s equivalent frequency
coefficients
What is IDCT?
— The IDCT function is the inverse of the DCT function
— The IDCT reconstructs a sequence from its discrete cosine
transform (DCT) coefficients
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7. DCT/IDCT Concept
The DCT transform of an image brings out a set of
numbers called coefficients.
A coefficient’s usefulness is determined by its variance
over a set of images as in video’s case.
If a coefficient has a lot of variance over a set, then it
cannot be removed without affecting the picture quality.
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8. DCT/IDCT Concept
DCT
Frequency
Coefficients
Compared to
Magnitude
Original Image Thresholds
Resulting in
Compressed
IDCT Data Streams
The image is broken into 8x8
groups, each containing 64
pixels. Three of these 8x8
groups are enlarged in this
Recovered Image
figure, showing the values of
(Notice Lesser Image Quality) the individual pixels, a single
byte value between 0 and 255.
Courtesy: The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing by Steven W. Smith
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9. DCT/IDCT Concept
Divide picture into
16 by 16 blocks.
(macroblocks) Each block is 8
pixels by 8 lines.
Each macroblock is
16 pixels by 16 lines.
(4 blocks)
DCT
8 X 8 Block Frequency
Coefficients
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10. DCT/IDCT Usage
Areas of Use:
— One-Dimensional DCT/IDCT
– Dolby AC2 & AC3
– Biomedical signals like EEG & ECG
– Speech information compression
— Two-Dimensional DCT/IDCT
– JPEG Encoders
– MPEG-1 & MPEG-2
– Image & Pattern Recognition
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11. DCT/IDCT Concept
One-Dimensional DCT Equation
N-1
Xc(k) = (1/N) Σ xn cos(k2πn/N),
n=0
where
k = 0, 1, 2, …, N-1
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12. DCT/IDCT Concept
One-Dimensional IDCT Equation
N-1
xc(k) = Σ c[u] Xn cos(k2πn/N),
n=0
where
k = 0, 1, 2, …, N-1,
Xn is the DCT result, and
c[u] = 1 for u=0, and c[u] = 2 for u=1,2,3,…N-1
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13. DCT/IDCT Concept
Two-Dimensional DCT Equation
N-1 N-1
F[u, v] = 1/N2 Σ Σ f[m, n] cos[ (2m + 1)uπ/ 2N] cos[ (2n + 1)vπ/2N ]
m=0 n=0
where:
u, v = discrete frequency variables (0, 1, 2, …, N - 1),
f[m, n] = N by N image pixels(0, 1, 2, …, N - 1), and
F[u, v] = the DCT result
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14. DCT/IDCT Concept
Two-Dimensional IDCT Equation
N-1 N-1
f[m, n] = Σ Σ c[u] c[v] F[u, v] cos[ (2m + 1)uπ/ 2N] cos[ (2n + 1)vπ/2N ]
m=0 n=0
where:
m, n = image result pixel indices( 0, 1, 2, …, N – 1 ),
F[u, v] = N by N DCT result,
c[λ] = 1 for λ=0 and c[λ]=2 for λ=1,2,3,…N-1
f[m, n] = N by N IDCT result
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15. DCT/IDCT Concept
Example of a Simplistic one-Dimensional DCT
— Data is transformed first and the newly calculated values are
threshold limited to a magnitude of 0.375
— Assuming a data sequence to be {1, 2, 0, 5}
Applying the one-Dimensional DCT formula,the resultant DCT
sequence is {2, 0.25, -6, 0.25}
The values that above the threshold (|values| > 0.375) are 2 and –6
This results in a 50% reduction in data size with minimal loss in
quality
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17. DCT/IDCT Applications
List of Some End Applications
— DVD/Video CD Players
— Cable TV
— DBS Systems
— HDTV
— Graphics/Image Processing Cards
— Ultrasound/MRI Systems
— Digital VCRs
— Set-Top Boxes
— Digital Camera
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18. DCT/IDCT in JPEG
Encoding
Compressed
Zig-Zag Data
Pixel Data Coefficient Run-Length Huffman
DCT
Encoding Encoding
Quantization
Decoding Reconstructed
Compressed Huffman Zig-Zag Pixel Data
Run-Length Coefficient
Data Decoding IDCT
Expansion Denormalization
JPEG Codec Block Diagram
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19. DCT/IDCT in Bio-Medical
1-D DCT is commonly used on a sequence of digital
information like voice or heartbeat information in an ECG
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20. DCT/IDCT in DVD/VCD
Reconstructed (Decoded) Frame
Inverse
IDCT
Quantizer
Video to Coded Video
be Coded Bitstream Bitstream
DCT Quantizer Coder
+ -
Motion Motion
Estimator Compensator
Anchor Frame
Storage
Courtesy: C-Cube Corporation
MPEG-2 Block Diagram in a Typical DVD System
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21. DCT/IDCT in DVD/VCD
Master Variable Bit Rate or
Video Tape MPEG-2 Audio Encoder
Quality
Control
Multiplexing
Emulation
Human and Formatting
Assist Master
Recoding Disc
Master Dolby AC3 or
Audio Tape MPEG-2 Audio Encoder
Courtesy: C-Cube Corporation
DVD/VCD Mastering
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22. DCT/IDCT in DVD/VCD
Digital Audio/Video Decoder
MPEG-2 Video Decoder
NTSC/
PAL To TV
DVD Subpicture OSD Encoder
DSP DEMUX Processing Graphics
To Audio System
Dolby AC3 or
MPEG-2 Audio Decoder
Front Panel
Microcontroller 10:00:23 ||
Courtesy: C-Cube Corporation
DVD Player
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23. DCT/IDCT in DVD/VCD
DVD Players
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24. DCT/IDCT
in Digital Cameras
2-D DCT/IDCT is applied generally on data sets that have a
naturally two-dimensional characteristic, like a digital image
Digital Cameras
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25. Spartan-II DCT/IDCT
Solution
DCT/IDCT Cores
— Available Separately or Combined
AllianceCORE Xentec DCT/IDCT Core
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26. Spartan-II DCT/IDCT
Solution Features
Features Spartan-II
Device XC2S100-6
CLBs 1026
Clock IOBs 1
IOBs 28
Performance (MHz) 33.3
AllianceCORE Xentec DCT/IDCT Core
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27. Spartan-II DCT/IDCT
Solution Performance
Low cost Spartan-II FPGA with soft IP from Xentec has
High Performance
— 180 times faster 32-bit mainstream processor operating at
266MHz
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28. Spartan-II DCT/IDCT
Solution - Features
The Xilinx solution is efficient and cost-effective compared
to DCT/IDCT software solution being run by a high
performance 32-bit processor
The Xilinx Xentec core solution is capable of operating
either as DCT or IDCT by the use of a single mode pin
Xilinx at Work in High Volume Applications ®
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29. Summary
DCT/IDCT Solutions are Widely Used in Multimedia,
Video, Audio, and Imaging Applications
The Spartan-II Family has Significant Strengths in its
DCT/IDCT Solution:
— Features
— Performance
— Scalability and Flexibility
— Cost effectiveness
Xilinx at Work in High Volume Applications ®
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